Female circumcision (revision)

Proposal to change Female circumcision to Female genital mutilation.

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Sources found, December 2019:

Female genital mutilation/cutting, U.S. assistance to combat this harmful practice abroad is limited: report to Minority Leader, U.S. Senate (2016). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Accountability Office.

Brock, Marieke (Eds.) (2018). Historical overview of U.S. policy and legislative responses to honor-based violence, forced marriage, and female genital mutilation/cutting. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.

Stein, Karin, Chou, Doris (2016). WHO guidelines on the management of health complications from female genital mutilation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

Cloward, Karisa (2016). When norms collide: local responses to activism against female genital mutilation and early marriage. New York: Oxford University Press.

Julios, Christina (2019). Female genital mutilation and social media. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge.

Bradley, Tamsin (Eds.) (2011). Women, violence and tradition: taking FGM and other practices to a secular state. London: Zed Books.

Walker, Alice, Parmar, Pratibha (1996). Warrior marks: female genital mutilation and the sexual blinding of women. San Diego: Harcourt Brace.

International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female
Genital Mutilation, 6 February

https://www.un.org/en/events/femalegenitalmutilationday/

WHO An update on WHO’s work on female genital mutilation (FGM)  https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fgm/rhr_11_18/en/

U.S. Code § 116.Female genital mutilation

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potential draft proposal, prepared and submitted by Dominican MLIS student Emily Suarez on April 23, 2022. Never showed up on the tentative list.
Resubmitted 2023 by Jackie Magagnosc at Cornell. Approved on Monthly List 04, April 21, 2023.

Revised or added fields marked with highlight

150      __ |a Female genital mutilation
450      __ |a Circumcision, Female
450      __ |a Clitoridotomy
450      __ |w nne |a Female circumcision
450      __ |a Female genital cutting
450      __ |a Female genital modification
450      __ |a FGC (Female genital cutting)
450      __ |a FGM (Female genital mutilation)
450      __ |a Genital cutting, Female
450      __ |a Genital mutilation, Female
450      __ |a Mutilation, Female genital
550      __ |w g |a Body marking
550      __ |w g |a Clitoris |x Surgery
550      __ |w g |a Initiation rites
667      __ |a Machine-derived authority record.
670      __ |a Hennepin |b (Clitoridectomy x Female circumcision)
670      __ |a Women’s thes. |b (Female circumcision)
670      __ |a Female circumcision, 1988: |b p. 51 (In practice the term “female circumcision” is used for several kinds of clitoral or genital manipulations)
670      __ |a Dorland’s med. dict. |b (circumcision: female circumcision; clitoridotomy)
670      __ |a Washington Post, April 13, 1993: |b p. 9, Health section (Female circumcision)
670      __ |a Washington Post, June 14, 1996: |b p. A6 (female genital mutilation; genital mutilation)
670      __ |a Boyle, E.H. Female genital cutting, 2002: |b p. 25 (FGC: African feminists and scholars have criticized “female genital mutilation” for being ethnocentric; others adopt the term “female genital modifications” because the acronym “FGM” has become widely recognized)
670      __ |a MeSH browser, Sept. 21, 2012 |b (Circumcision, Female. Scope Note: A general term encompassing three types of excision of the external female genitalia – Sunna, clitoridectomy, and infibulation. It is associated with severe health risks and has been declared illegal in many places, but continues to be widely practiced in a number of countries, particularly in Africa. UF Clitorectomy; Clitoridectomy; Female Circumcision; Genital Mutilation, Female; Infibulation. In MeSH Tree Structures under Cosmetic Techniques – Body Modification, Non-Therapeutic and also under Surgical Procedures, Operative – Body Modification, Non-Therapeutic)
670      __ |a Wikipedia, Sept. 21, 2012 |b (under Body modification: Types: Female genital cutting/Labiaplasty/Clitoral hood reduction – removal of the labia minora or the clitoral hood) Female genital mutilation (Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. FGM is typically carried out on girls from a few days old to puberty.” The WHO has offered four classifications of FGM. The main three are Type I, removal of the clitoral hood, almost invariably accompanied by removal of the clitoris itself (clitoridectomy); Type II, removal of the clitoris and inner labia; and Type III (infibulation), removal of all or part of the inner and outer labia, and usually the clitoris, and the fusion of the wound, leaving a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood–the fused wound is opened for intercourse and childbirth. Several miscellaneous acts are categorized as Type IV. These range from a symbolic pricking or piercing of the clitoris or labia, to cauterization of the clitoris, cutting into the vagina to widen it (gishiri cutting), and introducing corrosive substances to tighten it; Other terms in use, apart from female circumcision, include female genital cutting (FGC), female genital surgeries, female genital alteration, female genital excision, and female genital modification. Several countries refer to Type 1 FGM as sunna circumcision. It is also known as kakia, and in Sierra Leone as bundu)
670      __ |a No condition is permanent, 2000.
670      __ |a Sex and social justice, 1999: |b page 119 (Although discussions sometimes use the terms ‘female circumcision’ and ‘clitoridectomy,’ ‘female genital mutilation’ (FGM) is the standard generic term for all these procedures in the medical literature. […] The term ‘female circumcision’ has been rejected by international medical practitioners because it suggests the fallacious analogy to male circumcision, which is generally believed to have either no effect or a positive effect on physical health and sexual functioning.)
670      __ |a UNFPA [United Nations Population Fund] website, accessed April 22, 2022: |b Female genital mutilation (FGM) frequently asked questions (When the practice first came to international attention, it was generally referred to as ‘female circumcision.’ […] However, the term ‘female circumcision’ has been criticized for drawing a parallel with male circumcision and creating confusion between the two distinct practices. […] It is also sometimes argued that the term obscures the serious physical and psychological effects of genital cutting on women. UNFPA does not encourage use of the term ‘female circumcision’ because the health implications of male and female circumcision are very different.) |u https://www.unfpa.org/resources/female-genital-mutilation-fgm-frequently-asked-questions#FGM_terms
670      __ |a World Health Organization, 2022: |b Female genital mutilation [fact sheet] (Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external femal genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons) |u https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation
670      __ |a ICD-11 Browser – Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (ICD-11 version 02/2022), accessed April 22, 2022 |b (Female Genital Mutilation [Female circumcision is a non-preferred term in ICD-11]) |u https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3A%2F%2Fid.who.int%2Ficd%2Fentity%2F1459051663
680      __ |i Here are entered works on traditional practices that involve surgery of the external female genital organs and that may vary in extent from simple cutting of the clitoral prepuce to total excision of the clitoris and parts of the labia.

952 :   approximately 150 bib records to be changed